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The primary cultural achievement of the Byzantine Empire was the preservation of ancient texts. This empire played a crucial role in safeguarding much of the classical knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome, particularly during a time when Europe was experiencing significant turmoil and transition after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Byzantines not only preserved these texts but also copied and studied them, ensuring that critical philosophical, literary, and scientific works remained accessible. Their efforts led to a revival of classical learning during the Renaissance, highlighting the significance of their role as custodians of ancient knowledge.

The other options, while significant in various historical contexts, do not align with the Byzantine Empire's cultural legacy. For instance, the spread of democracy is more closely associated with ancient Greece, particularly Athens. Innovations in agriculture were notable in many societies but were not unique achievements of the Byzantine cultural landscape. Lastly, the development of feudalism is primarily linked to medieval Europe and the post-Roman world rather than being a defining feature of Byzantine culture.