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The term that can be defined as the general properties underlying all human languages is Universal Grammar. This concept, primarily developed by linguist Noam Chomsky, posits that all human languages share a set of grammatical principles and structures that are innate to humans. Universal Grammar suggests that despite the surface differences in languages—such as vocabulary, phonetics, and cultural expressions—there exists a common framework that governs how language operates, enabling individuals to learn any language.

Other terms mentioned refer to specific areas within the study of language. Syntax deals with the structure and rules that govern sentence formation in particular languages, while phonetics focuses on the sounds of speech and how they are produced and perceived. Linguistics is the overarching field that encompasses the study of language, including its structure, use, and psychological and social aspects, but it does not specifically address the innate properties shared by all languages as Universal Grammar does.